Tsalle uku, mai watsa shiri ɗaya: ƙididdige ainihin dogaro na sirri
Adadin tsalle yana ɓoye hosting ɗin da aka raba, asusun gudanarwa ɗaya da mai yin rijista ɗaya. Gina littafin dogaro, kimanta kowane layi kuma ga abin da ƙima da aka raba ke haɗawa.
Tsalle na biyu ya tashi a kan lokaci kuma zanen ka har yanzu yana nuna masu ba da sabis uku daban. Sa’an nan daftari suka zo kuma biyu daga cikinsu suna ambaton kamfanin hosting ɗaya, mai yin rijista ɗaya ne ke riƙe da dukkan yankuna uku, kuma kowane asusu yana dawowa zuwa akwatin wasiƙa ɗaya da ka mallaka. Babu abin da ya lalace a cikin tsarin rami. Zanen bai taɓa ƙididdige dogaro da ke ƙarƙashin tsalle ba, kuma adadin tsalle yana bayyana hanyar da zirga-zirga ke bi, ba adadin ɓangarorin da za su iya aiki a kansa ba.
Alamar tana bayyana a lissafin kuɗi, ba a cikin log ɗin ba
Ba za ka sami wannan a cikin log ɗin rami ba, domin ramin yana yin daidai abin da ka saita. Shaidar tana rayuwa a cikin bayanan jama’a da saitunan asusu: sunayen ƙungiyar whois da suka dace a tsakanin wuraren ƙarshe, sabar suna iri ɗaya, adireshin mai rijista da aka raba, hanyar biya ɗaya, kwamitin sarrafawa ɗaya. Kowanne daga cikinsu alama ce cewa yadudduka biyu da ya kamata su gaza daban na iya gaza tare.
Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alamu da ke tabbatar da cewa wani ɓangare ɗaya zai iya karanta zirga-zirgar ka. Abin da suke ragewa shi ne adadin shawarwarin da dole su yi kuskure kafin yadudduka biyu na kariya su lalace ta hanyar abu ɗaya.
Kwatanci bayanan da za ka iya gani a zahiri kuma rubuta abin da ka kwatanta. Nemi ƙungiyar a kowane adireshin wurin ƙarshe, lissafa sabar suna na kowane yanki, kuma buɗe saitunan dawo da kowane asusu a cikin sarkar. Inda ƙimomi biyu suka dace, lura ko daidaiton ya shafi mallaka, ayyuka, ko kawai gaban mai sake siyarwa. Waɗannan bincike ne daban-daban, kuma ɗaukar su a matsayin ɗaya shine yadda bitar dogaro ke juya zuwa hasashe.
Zana hanyar hankali, sannan taswirar dogaro
Ana buƙatar zane-zane biyu, kuma yawancin mutane suna zana na farko ne kawai. Hanyar hankali tana nuna inda kowane rufin kariya ke ƙarewa da abin da wannan wurin ƙarshe zai iya lura da shi. Taswirar dogaro tana nuna wanda ke tafiyar da kuma gudanar da kowane ɗayan waɗannan wuraren ƙarshe, wanda keɓaɓɓen jerin sunaye ne.
| Layer to record | Evidence you can collect | What a shared value would mean |
|---|---|---|
| Endpoint operator | Published operator, contract, support contacts | The same party sees two traffic layers |
| Compute and hosting | Address ranges, hosting brands, platform status pages | One administrative action affects two machines |
| Network dependency | Endpoints and transit links near the observation point | Two paths share a segment that could be watched once |
| Management | Control panels, SSH keys, staff with access | One credential compromise crosses both layers |
| Account linkage | Registration records, payment method, recovery mail | Two services can be tied to one identity |
Kimanta kowane layi maimakon cika shi. Sananne yana nufin ka ga bayanin da ke faɗin haka, an samo yana nufin wata lura ɗaya ta goyi bayansa ba tare da warware shi ba, kuma ba a sani ba yana nufin ba a sami kome ba. Alamar hosting ɗin da aka raba ita ce hasashe game da kayan aiki na gama gari, ba magana ba game da bayanan abokin ciniki da aka raba. Kada ka ɗaga hasashe a hankali zuwa tabbataccen gaskiya kawai saboda ya dace da sakamakon da kake tsammani.
Layi mara komai bincike ne a kansa. Yana gaya maka wace gaskiya ce za ta canza shawarar idan ka koya ta, kuma hakan ya fi amfani fiye da wani sakin layi game da abin da maƙiyi ƙwararre zai iya yi.
Lambar AS tana amsa tambayar tuƙi ne kawai
Tsarin mai cin gashin kansa ra’ayi ne na gudanarwar tuƙi, jerin adireshi da ake gabatar wa wasu cibiyoyin sadarwa a matsayin ra’ayi ɗaya na tuƙi mai daidaituwa. Don haka lambobin AS daban-daban ba su faɗin wani abu tabbatacce game da mallakar kamfani, ma’aikata daban, ko kulawar doka mai zaman kanta. Kuskuren akasin haka ya zama ruwan dare: wurare biyu na ƙarshe a cikin AS ɗaya ba su zama kai tsaye yanayin da ɓangare ɗaya ke gane takamaiman mai amfani ba.
Idan kana son lambobin, warware su maimakon ɗauka. Adireshin da ke ƙasa madaidaici ne, kuma tutar tana neman kayan aikin ya yi wa kowane tsalle lakabi da AS da ke shelanta shi.
mtr --aslookup --report --report-cycles 5 203.0.113.9Ɗauki wannan fitowar a matsayin awo na tuƙi, ba mallaka ko cikakkiyar hanyar zirga-zirga ba. Cibiyar sadarwar shiga da ka fara daga gare ta da dogaron wucewa tsakanin wuraren ƙarshe tambayoyi ne daban waɗanda adireshin wuraren ƙarshe ba za su iya amsawa ba. Lokacin da ba za a iya lura da hanyar ko zaɓin relay daga inda kake zaune ba, yi masa lakabi da ba a sani ba maimakon shigo da wata iƙirari ta gama gari game da yadda wata cibiyar sadarwa ke zaɓar hanyoyi a yau. Abin da ba a lura da shi ba ya zama ɗaya da abin da ba za a iya lura da shi ba, amma kuma ba shaida ba ne.
Faɗi lura kafin ka faɗi haɗari
Bincike uku suna haɗuwa a yawancin bitar dogaro, kuma raba su shine yawancin aikin. Ganin zirga-zirgar da aka ɓoye a ɓoye bincike ɗaya ne. Damar gudanarwa da aka raba wani ne, domin yana nufin aiki ba gani ba. Haɗin asusu na uku ne, domin yana haɗa ainihi ba tare da ba da wata damar fasaha ba.
Jagorar sirri a cikin RFC 6973 tana ba da siffa mai amfani ga wannan: lissafa abin da kowane mahalli ke koya, sannan ka tambaye yadda za a iya haɗa shi da bayanin da ake ajiye a wani wuri. Wurare biyu a kan hanya da ke lura da yanayin zirga-zirga iri ɗaya na iya haifar da damuwar alaƙa, amma ba sa ba ka yuwuwar da aka auna cewa an gane wani. Rubuta damuwar, sannan rubuta lurar da za ta tabbatar da ita.
Koma zuwa sarkar sabis ɗin rami biyu da wakili ɗin da aka hayar. Idan takardun shaidar gudanarwar wakili suna raba asusun dawo da sabis ɗin rami ɗaya, ɓarna ɗaya ta gudanarwa na iya ƙetare dukkan iyakoki biyu. Idan kawai abin da ya haɗu shi ne cewa kamfanin hosting ɗaya ke tafiyar da injuna biyun, dole bitar ta faɗi irin ikon da wannan kamfanin ke da shi da wace bayanai ke kasancewa a kiyaye. Tsalle uku ɗaya, bincike daban.
Littafin ba takardar shaidar ɓoyewa ba ne kuma ba zai taɓa kasancewa ba. Ƙimarsa ta fi ƙunci kuma ta fi amfani: yana nuna inda aka tabbatar da ’yancin kai, inda ake ɗauka, da wane layi ɗaya da ba a sani ba zai motsa shawarar. Zaɓi wannan layin na gaba, kuma ka bar sauran zanen kawai har sai ka sami amsa a kansa.