I-IPv4 ihlukanisa endleleni; i-IPv6 ithumela umlayezo wokuthi iphakethe likhulu kakhulu esikhundleni salokho
Amarutha e-IPv4 kuphela angahlukanisa iphakethe elikhulu kakhulu. I-IPv6 ilindele ukuthi umthumeli asabele kumlayezo wokuthi iphakethe likhulu kakhulu, okungase kudilizwe umhubhe noma umthetho we-ICMP ohlungiwe.
Amaphutha e-IPv6 asolwa ngephrothokholi kaningi kakhulu kunosayizi wephakethe eyabangela wona. Imindeni emibili iphatha iphakethe elikhulu kakhulu ngendlela ehlukile ngempela, futhi umhubhe uwona owenza umehluko ubaluleke. Amarutha e-IPv4 angahlukanisa iphakethe lapho imithetho ivuma, kuyilapho amarutha e-IPv6 kumele angahlukanisi endleleni nhlobo. I-IPv6 itshela umthumeli esikhundleni salokho, futhi kulindeleke ukuthi umthumeli asabele. Konke okungahambi kahle ngemuva kwalokho kuncike ekutheni lowo mlayezo uyafika yini.
Yini eyenziwa umndeni ngamunye
Ithebula liwuhlelo emishilini emine, futhi umusho owodwa uchaza ingxenye enkulu yokudideka.
| Behaviour | IPv4 | IPv6 |
|---|---|---|
| Router fragments an oversized packet | Allowed while DF is clear | Never |
| Signal returned to the sender | ICMP Fragmentation Needed | ICMPv6 Packet Too Big |
| Size that must always work | 68 bytes | 1280 bytes |
| Fragmentation possible | Routers or source | Source only |
I-IPv6 ayinakho ukuhlukanisa endleleni futhi ayinayo ifulegi le-DF okufanele licishwe, ngakho akukho okungasetshenzwa lapho iphakethe likhulu kakhulu. Umthumeli kumele atshelwe, futhi umthumeli kumele akukholwe.
Umhubhe unciphisa indlela buthule
I-VPN yengeza izihloko zangaphandle, futhi esimweni esibethelwe nedatha yobuqotho, ngaphambi kokuthi iphakethe lishiye isibungu. Iphakethe langaphakathi lingangena ku-MTU yesikhombimsebenzo eliyibonayo kuyilapho iphakethe langaphandle lidlula umkhawulo wokuxhumana okulandelayo, yingakho lokhu kuvela kuqala kumhubhe. Yehlisa i-MTU yesikhombimsebenzo somhubhe ngamabomu, noma uqinise i-TCP MSS endleleni, futhi ubhale ukuthi iyiphi inombolo oyikhethile nokuthi kungani.
Isisindo esengeziwe se-ESP sincike kumodi nakuma-algorithm, ngakho i-MTU yomhubhe efanele iwukubala, hhayi umkhuba. Noma yini oyikhethayo, kumele ishiye indawo yephakethe langaphakathi le-IPv6 eliphelele lamabhayithi angu-1280, ngoba wonke umxhumano we-IPv6 kumele uthwale lokho. Umhubhe ongakwazi ukuthwala amabhayithi angu-1280 e-IPv6 akuyona inkinga yokulungisa; iyindlela ephukile yalowo mndeni. Yilo mkhawulo oshabalala lapho inani le-MTU likopishwa lisuka ekusetshenzisweni okune-IPv4 kuphela.
Kungani uphawu lubonakala njengokuma
Ukwehluleka akulona iphutha elihlanzekile, yingakho kuxilongwa kabi. Ukuxhawula kwe-TCP kuqedwa, izimpendulo ezincane ziyafika, futhi uxhumano luyama ngokushesha lapho kuqala impendulo enkulu noma ukulayisha okukhulu, ngoba yileyo yiphakethe lokuqala elikhulu ngokwanele ukujikijelwa. I-SSH iyaxhumana bese ima ekuphumeni kokuqala okukhulu, futhi isihloko sekhasi siyalayishwa kuyilapho umzimba ungapheli.
Uma imilayezo ye-ICMPv6 yephakethe elikhulu kakhulu ihlungiwe, umthumeli akakwazi ukwazi futhi uqhubeka ezama usayizi ofanayo. Lokho kuwumgodi omnyama hhayi indlela ehamba kancane, futhi uphawu lwayo ingumkhawulo wosayizi ophindwayo hhayi ukulahleka okungahleliwe. Ukuvumela ithrafikhi yokulawula efanele kuyingxenye yokusetshenziswa kwe-IPv6 okusebenzayo, hhayi umusa.
Ungazicishi imilayezo indlela yakho esekele kuyo bese uchaza umphumela njengokonakala kwe-IPv6. Umqondo ofanayo usebenza emilayezweni ye-Fragmentation Needed ye-IPv4, nawo angathandwa kangako ngababhali bezicabha zomlilo futhi adingeka kangako.
Linganisa umkhawulo, bese ulungisa isendlalelo
Hlola esikhundleni sokuqagela: sebenzisa ifulegi lokuthi don't-fragment ku-IPv4 nosayizi abagxilile bomthwalo ku-IPv6, futhi urekhode lapho izimpendulo ziyeka khona. ping -M do -s 1472 futhi ping -6 -s 1400 kwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuma kwenkinga, futhi tracepath kubika i-MTU yendlela etholakele endleleni.
Bese ulungisa isendlalelo esiphethe leyo nombolo: i-MTU yesikhombimsebenzo somhubhe, ukuqiniswa kwe-MSS kwe-TCP, noma indlela ngokwayo. I-RFC 8200 iyisithenjwa somthetho we-IPv6, futhi ifundeka kafushane kunesehlakalo esisivimbelayo.
Hlola umndeni osetsebenziswa ngohlelo ngempela, ngoba igama elinezitezi ezimbili lingaphendula kumndeni owodwa hhayi kwelinye, futhi uhlelo lungashintsha ngemuva koshintsho lwenethiwekhi. Rekhoda ikheli ohlole ngalo, ngoba umphumela ngerekhodi le-A awusho lutho ngerekhodi le-AAAA.
Thatha umkhawulo wosayizi njengobufakazi
Umkhawulo wosayizi ophindwayo ungenye yezinkinga zokuxhumana ezimbalwa ezizalwa kabusha ngokunembile, ngenani elifanayo lamabhayithi, kusuka emthonjeni ofanayo, isikhathi ngasinye. Lokho kuwenza ube yisipho hhayi imfihlakalo, futhi kusho futhi ukuthi ukulungiswa kungaqinisekiswa esikhundleni sokuthenjwa.
Bhala kuthikithi i-MTU etholakele, i-MTU yomhubhe oyilungiselelayo kanye nokuhlola okuqinisekisa umehluko. Umuntu olandelayo uzohlangana nezibalo ezifanayo komunye umxhumano.