Kungani i-AES-256 ingayichazi isethi yokubethela ye-VPN
Isethi igcwalisa izindima ezine: ukubethela okukhulu, ubuqotho, ukusungula okhiye kanye nokuqinisekisa uzakwethu. Igama le-cipher lihlanganisa eyodwa yazo kuphela, esigabeni esisodwa.
Buza ukuthi i-VPN isebenzisa ukuphi ukubethela, impendulo ivamise ukuza ngegama elilodwa: i-AES-256, noma i-ChaCha20, noma mhlawumbe i-WireGuard. Leyo mpendulo isho ingxenye eyodwa yesigaba esisodwa, kuyilapho okuvikela ngempela ukuxhumana kuyisethi yama-algorithms agcwalisa izindima ezine ezihlukene. Ukuhlanganisa ingxenye nokuhleleka kuyiphutha elivame kakhulu kulezi zingxoxo, futhi kukhiqiza ukuqhathanisa okungenakuxazululwa.
Imisebenzi emine ngaphakathi kokuxhumana okukodwa
Ukubethela okukhulu kuguqula umbhalo ocacile ube umbhalo obethelwe womzila wedatha, futhi ukhiye wawo utholakala esikhundleni sokuthunyelwa. Ukuvikelwa kobuqotho kuthola ushintsho, okuwumsebenzi ohlukile ngisho lapho isakhiwo esisodwa senza kokubili. Ukusungula okhiye kukhiqiza impahla yokuhamba eyabiwe, futhi ukuqinisekisa uzakwethu kunquma ukuthi ubani okwelinye uhlangothi. Uma kukhona okushodayo, ukuxhumana akuphephile, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingxenye esele inamandla kangakanani.
Amanye amadizayini ahlanganisa izindima ezimbili zibe eyodwa. I-AES-GCM ne-ChaCha20-Poly1305 ziyizakhiwo zokubethela eziqinisekisiwe, ngakho imfihlo nobuqotho kuza ndawonye; i-AES-CBC ayinjalo, futhi idinga ikhodi ehlukile yokuqinisekisa umlayezo enokhiye wayo. Ngakho ukufunda isiphakamiso njengesikhwama sezinombolo ezizimele kufunda kabi lezo eziklanyelwe njengamapheya.
Izindima zilele nasezigabeni ezihlukene, yingakho igama elifanayo lingasho okuhlukile emikhiqizweni emibili. I-cipher yebhlokhi ngaphakathi kwe-ESP ne-cipher yebhlokhi ngaphakathi kwe-TLS iyisisekelo esifanayo ezingxoxweni ezihlukene ezinezidingo ezihlukene. Ngakho ukusho isisekelo ngaphandle kwemodi nesigaba saso kungaba kubi kunokungasho lutho.
Kungani igama le-cipher lingasho lutho
Thatha ibinzana elithi AES-256 ngokungathi sína umzuzwana: likhomba i-cipher yebhlokhi nosayizi wokhiye. Alisho lutho ngemodi yokusebenza, ukuthi ubuqotho bunikezwa yini, ukuthi okhiye basungulwa kanjani noma uzakwethu waqinisekiswa kanjani. Imikhiqizo emibili ingakhangisa kokubili i-AES-256 futhi yehluke kukho konke okunye, kuhlanganise eyodwa eyihlanganisa nemodi engaqinisekisiwe nenye esebenzisa imodi ye-AEAD nokushintshana kokhiye kwesimanjemanje.
I-TLS 1.3 yaletha lokhu kwehlukana esimisweni, okuwukulungiswa okuwusizo kunoma ubani ofunde isilulumagama sakudala. Amasethi ayo e-cipher asho i-AEAD ne-hash kuphela, kuyilapho amaqembu okushintshana kokhiye nama-algorithms esiginesha exoxwa njengezimo ezihlukile. Ngakho igama lesethi le-TLS 1.3 alinakuqhathaniswa negama lesethi le-TLS 1.2 ngezisekelo ezilinganayo, nakuba womabili avela endaweni efanayo yefayela lokuhlela. Umhloli oqhathanisa izintambo ezimbili ngqo ufinyelela isiphetho i-protocol engasisekeli. Funda futhi iqembu elixoxiwe nezimo zesiginesha, kungenjalo ukuqhathanisa akuphelele.
I-WireGuard ikhetha indlela ephambene futhi isusa ingxoxo cishe ngokuphelele: i-protocol ibeka isethi eqinile yama-algorithms, ngakho izinto ezimbili zokusebenza zisebenza ndawonye noma cha. Lokho kuwukukhetha kwedizayini okusemthethweni, futhi kusho nokuthi umbuzo wokuthi iyiphi isethi exoxwa yi-WireGuard awunampendulo efanele ukuqhathaniswa. Uma uyihlola, funda incazelo kanye bese uhlola ukuphathwa kokhiye okuzungezile esikhundleni sengxoxo.
Isigaba sinquma isilulumagama
Ukufakwa kwe-IPsec kuxoxa kabili: isiphakamiso se-IKE somzila wokulawula nokuguqulwa kwe-ESP kwedatha, futhi kokubili kungahluka ngokusemthethweni. Ukufunda okokuqala nokucabanga ukuthi kuchaza okwesibili kuwumthombo ovamile wokudideka ngesikhathi sokuhlola, ngoba ifayela lokuhlela likhuluma kokubili futhi okuthakazelisayo okwesibili.
| Layer | What is negotiated there | What it does not cover |
|---|---|---|
| IKE proposal | Algorithms and groups for the control channel that builds the tunnel | The algorithms protecting the data itself |
| ESP transform | Encryption and integrity for tunneled packets | Peer identity, which authentication already settled |
| TLS handshake | AEAD and hash, plus separately negotiated groups and signatures | Routing, authorization or retention policy |
| WireGuard | Nothing; the algorithm set is fixed by the protocol | Everything above the cryptographic arrangement |
Igama elitholakala kumtapo wolwazi owodwa alisetshenziswa ngokuzenzakalela komunye umzila wedatha. Ngakho isitatimende sokuthi umkhiqizo wethu usekela i-AES-256 sibuthaka kunalokho okuzwakala, futhi yingakho inkinga yokusebenzisana ivame ukuxazululwa ngokuthola ukuhlangana okugcinwayo esikhundleni sokuvula wonke ama-algorithms amadala ezinhlangothini zombili.
Incazelo ye-TLS 1.3 iyisibonelo esishicilelwe esicace kakhulu salokhu kwehlukana, ngoba ichaza isethi njengepheya futhi ihambisa okusele engxoxweni yayo. Uma leso simo sesijwayelekile, isiphakamiso se-IPsec nesethi eyodwa eqinile ye-WireGuard kufundwa njengezinhlobo zombono owodwa.
Funda umphumela oxoxiwe, bese uyama
Isiphakamiso esilungisiwe akusona ubufakazi balokho okukhethwe yizinhlangothi ezimbili. Isikhathi esiphilayo sithwala impendulo, futhi noma yikuphi ukusebenza okuvamile kungayibika ngaphandle kokubamba amaphakethe.
openssl s_client -connect vpn.example.net:443 -brief
ipsec statusall
wg showKokuphumayo funda ama-algorithms akhethiwe hhayi uhlu olunikeziwe. Uma impendulo ibuthaka kunalokho umgomo owawuhlosile, ukulungiswa kusekuhlelweni kwesiphakamiso ohlangothini olulodwa, futhi ukungafani ekusebenzeni kwesimanjemanje kuvame ukuvela njengengxoxo ehlulekile hhayi ukwehliswa okuthule.
Bese ukhumbula lokho isethi engakumbozi. Imizila, izimvume zezinhlelo, ukuloga nokugcinwa kuyizinqumo ezihlukile ezinokubuyekezwa kwazo, futhi ukuhleleka kokubethela okuhambisanayo akusho lutho ngakho. Ingxoxo nge-cipher iyafaneleka, kodwa iphendula umbuzo omncane kunalowo abantu abaningi abawubuzayo ngempela.
Gcina isilulumagama sinemba futhi impikiswano iyafiphala. Isethi iyiqoqo lezindima esigabeni, i-cipher ingxenye eyodwa, futhi umphumela oxoxiwe ukuphela kwento echaza ukuxhumana onakho ngempela. Konke okunye ekuqhathaniseni kuwukuhlobisa.