Okwenziwa ukhiye owabiwe ngaphambili ku-IPsec, OpenVPN ne-WireGuard

Amagama athi ukhiye owabiwe ngaphambili avela emibhalweni ye-IPsec, OpenVPN ne-WireGuard, kodwa achaza izinto ezintathu ezihlukene. Enye iyimfihlo yokuqinisekisa, enye ivikela isiteshi sokulawula, kanti eyesithathu yengeza into ekuxhawuliseni okunokwazi ukuzimela. Ukuzithatha njengezishintshayo kukhiqiza ukuxhumana okwehluleka esigabeni obekungakulindele muntu. Funda ukuthi inkambu yenzani kuleyo protocol ngaphambi kokukopa inani kuyo.

Ama-protocol amathathu, izincazelo ezintathu

I-protocol ngayinye ichaza umsebenzi wokhiye encazelweni yayo, futhi leyo misebenzi ayidlulani. Imfihlo yokuqinisekisa ikhombisa ukuthi izinhlangothi ezimbili zazi inani elifanayo. Ukhiye wesiteshi sokulawula uvikela izingxoxo ezilandelayo. Isengezo ekuxhawuliseni sishintsha uhlelo lokhiye ngaphandle kokushintsha ukuthi izinhlangothi zingobani.

Ayikho kuleyo mindima eqinisekisa umuntu, futhi yilokho kudideka okudla isikhathi esiningi. Ukhiye owabiwe ngaphambili ufakwa emadivayisini noma emasangweni ngaphambi kokushintshana, ngakho umphathi ngamunye ubonakala efana kwelinye ihlangothi. Leyo mpawu iyinzuzo kuxhumano phakathi kwama-router amabili futhi iyingozi kusevisi yokufinyelela kude enabasebenzi abaqanjiwe. Gcina ubufakazi be-akhawunti kanye nemfihlo yokubhala ngamakholomu ahlukene embhalweni ochaza ukusetshenziswa.

I-IPsec ne-OpenVPN zisebenzisa igama ngendlela ehlukile

I-IKEv2 ingaqinisekisa uhlangothi ngemfihlo eyabiwe ngaphambili esikhundleni sezitifiketi, futhi inani kufanele lifane kuzinhlangothi zombili. Njengoba leyo mfihlo ivame ukusethwa eqenjini lezinhlangothi, noma ubani onayo angazenza abanye, futhi ukushintshana akutholi mfihlo eqhubekela phambili evela kokhiye bogqozi abangakaze babe khona.

Izinketho ze-tls-auth ne-tls-crypt ze-OpenVPN zixhuma ukhiye ongaguquki esiteshini sokulawula, ngokwengeza isiginesha ye-HMAC noma ngokubhala izingxoxo ngokwazo. Lowo khiye akusiyo iphasiwedi yomsebenzisi futhi akuthathi indawo yesitifiketi sekhasimende. Ukwehlukanisa kokubili kubalulekile ngesikhathi sokuvuselela, lapho ukushintsha iphasiwedi kushiya ukhiye wesiteshi sokulawula ungathintekile.

I-PSK ye-WireGuard iyengeza, ayikhombisi

Izinhlangothi ze-WireGuard sezivele zinokhiye obala nokhiye oyimfihlo be-Curve25519, futhi ukuxhawulisa kuqinisekisa lokho kuzimela. Ukhiye owabiwe ngaphambili ongakhethwa uxutshwa kukhiye wochungechunge, futhi wengeza into elinganayo phezu kokushintshana kokhiye obala.

Awunikezi ubuyena bawo noma i-akhawunti yomsebenzisi, ngakho umqhubi akakwazi ukwehlukanisa abaphathi ababili nge-PSK yabo. Izinhlangothi zombili kufanele zithwale inani elifanayo, kungenjalo ukuxhawulisa kwehluleka ngaphandle komlayezo wephutha owusizo. Yingakho ukushintshwa kufanele kuhlelwe kuzinhlangothi zombili ngasikhathi sinye, hhayi njengokuhlela ifayela elilodwa.

Hlola ukusatshalaliswa, ukushintshwa nokukhipha

Ukusatshalaliswa yindawo ebuthakathaka kuyo yonke imiklamo esebenzisa imfihlo eyodwa ezindaweni eziningi. Inani elinanyathiselwe kuwindi lengxoxo, eligcinwe endaweni yokugcina noma elisetshenziswe kabusha phakathi kwezimo liqoqa amakhophi angenakubalwa muntu, futhi ikhophi ngayinye yandisa buthule ubukhulu bokulimala.

Umbhalo we-Base64 awukona ukubhala ngokuyimfihlo. Imfihlo egcinwe eduze kwesitifiketi esivamile kufolda elilodwa iseyimfihlo ngendlela evulekile.

openssl rand -base64 32
sudo wg show wg0 preshared-keys
sudo grep -R -n 'psk' /etc/ipsec.d/ 2>/dev/null

Shintsha ngokohlelo nangemva kwanoma yikuphi ukuvezwa okusolwayo, ubuyekeza uhlangothi ngalunye oluhlosiwe ngaphambi kokuhoxisa inani elidala. Bese uhlola ukuxhumana kuzinhlangothi zombili, ngoba ukhiye ongafani wehluleka ekuxhawuliseni futhi ubonakala njengenkinga yodonga lomlilo.

Bhala phansi ukuthi iyiphi imfihlo evikela isiphi isigaba, ukuze ukusethwa kabusha kwephasiwedi kungahlanganiswa nokuvuselela ukhiye wokubhala. Lowo mugqa owodwa wonga ihora njalo lapho umuntu ehlola ukusetshenziswa.