Ingabe ukukhubaza i-ARP kuphula i-VPN yakho? Kungenzeka, ku-hop yangaphandle

{Amaphakethe amabili ahamba kuxhumano olulodwa futhi alandela imithetho ehlukene. Elinye iphakethe langasese elithwalwa ithubhu, elisetshenzwa i-interface ebonakalayo ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isihloko se-Ethernet. Elinye iphakethe elibethelwe elishiya umshini ngesixhumanisi sokufinyelela, futhi lona lisadinga i-hop elandelayo yasendaweni exazululwa ibe ikheli lehardware. Ukuhlanganisa lezi ezimbili yikho okwenza abantu bavale ukuxazululwa kwamakheli ku-interface engalungile bese bezibuza ukuthi kungani ithubhu lingaqali neze.}

{Iphakethe elilodwa ngaphakathi kwelinye, amamodeli amabili okulethwa}

{I-interface ebonakalayo kwimodi yomzila yamukela amaphakethe e-IP. Ayinaso isihloko se-Ethernet, ayinaso isizinda sokusakaza futhi ayinawo amakheli okuxazulula ngaphakathi kwayo, ngakho iphakethe langaphakathi lilethwa ithubhu ngokwalo. Okwenzeka kunethiwekhi yokufinyelela kuyisigaba esihlukile sokulethwa.}

inner packet: private address -> tunnel device -> the VPN process
outer packet: endpoint address -> access route -> next-hop hardware address

{Lelo phakethe langaphandle liyifremu ye-unicast evamile lapho lishiya i-interface ye-Ethernet, futhi lidinga ikheli lehardware lendawo ekuyiwa kuyo ye-hop yalo elandelayo. Ukuxazululwa kwamakheli kuyalinikeza, futhi i-hop elandelayo ngokuvamile iyisango lendawo hhayi iseva ekude. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukusesha kungenxa yesango hhayi iphuzu lokugcina yikhona okuyingxenye enkulu yokuxilonga. Bhala womabili amakheli ngaphambi kokushintsha noma yini.}

{Thola umakhelwane obalulekile ngempela}

{Buza ithebula lomzila ukuthi iphuzu lokugcina lisebenzisa iyiphi i-hop elandelayo, bese uhlola ithebula lomakhelwane lalelo hop. Iphuzu lokugcina ngokwalo livela lapho ngokungavamile, ngoba alikho kusixhumanisi sendawo.}

ip route get 198.51.100.20
ip neigh show 192.168.0.1

{Uma ukufakwa kukhona futhi kufinyeleleka, indlela yangaphandle ilungile futhi iphutha likwenye indawo. Uma kungenakho noma kusesimweni sokwehluleka, isixhumanisi, ikheli lesango noma inqubomgomo evimbela ukuxazulula yindawo okufanele ibhekwe. Ukushintsha izilungiselelo zesicikizi kuthubhu akukwazi ukusiza kuzo zombili izimo. Phawula umucu wesimo obikwa ithebula lomakhelwane, ngoba uhlukanisa umzamo oqhubekayo nokwehluleka okungunaphakade.}

{Ukufakwa okufundiwe kungafihla ukuncika}

{Ukufakwa okugcinwe kunqolobane kuqhubeka nokusebenza isikhathi ngemva kokunyuka kwalokho okwakukwenzile, ngakho ukuhlolwa okwenziwe ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa yokushintsha kungaphumelela ngesizathu esingalungile. Linda kuze kuguge ukufakwa, noma kususe ngamabomu, ngaphambi kokuphetha ngokuthi ukuxazulula akudingeki.}

{Iphutha eliphambene nalo livamile: ukufakwa okungaxazululiwe kuthathwa njengobufakazi bokuthi ithubhu liphukile. Empeleni kukhombisa isigaba sendawo, ikheli eliphindwe kabili, noma umthetho wokuphepha kwembobo okulahla amafremu athwala impendulo. Hlola imbobo yeswishi ngaphambi kokuthinta ukucushwa kwe-VPN.}

{Funda isikhathi njengobufakazi. Ukufakwa okuxazululwa bese kuphelelwa yisikhathi kaningi kusikisela isixhumanisi esidlikizayo noma amadivayisi amabili aphendula ikheli elilodwa, kuyilapho ukufakwa okungaxazululwa neze kukhombisa ikheli lesango noma ukuhlungwa embobeni yokufinyelela.}

{Nquma phakathi kokuxazululwa okuguquguqukayo nokufakwa okugxilile}

{Ukuxazululwa okuguquguqukayo kungukokuzenzakalela ngesizathu: kulandela ihardware lapho isango lishintshwa futhi akudingi ukuxhumanisa nanoma ubani. Ukufakwa okumile kuyavikeleka lapho inethiwekhi ilawulwa ngamabomu futhi ukubhanqa kwekheli nekheli lehardware kuyingxenye yomklamo obhaliwe.}

{Noma kukuphi, sebenzisa ukukhetha ku-interface yokufinyelela ethwala iphakethe langaphandle. Ukucisha ukuxazulula kuleyo interface akwenzi ithubhu liqine; kususa ikhono lekhasimende lokufinyelela isango eliyithwalayo, futhi ukwehluleka kubonakala njenge-VPN efile hhayi inkinga yekheli yasendaweni.}

{Khumbula enye isitaki}

{I-IPv6 ayisebenzisi ukuxazululwa kwamakheli ngendlela efanayo; isebenzisa ukutholakala komakhelwane. Umbuzo wezingqimba uhlala unjalo: iphakethe langaphandle langempela lifinyelela kanjani i-hop elandelayo yasendaweni, futhi yini efakazela ukuthi impendulo yamanje.}

{Hlola lawo maqiniso amabili afanayo kwesinye isitaki ngaphambi kokumemezela ukuthi umklamo uphelile, ngoba ithubhu elithwala yomibili imindeni linemizila emibili yangaphandle okufanele icatshangelwe. Bhala ukuthi iyiphi oyiqinisekisile nokuthi iyiphi oyicabangile.}