I-Keyfile noma i-Netplan: iphrofayili ye-VPN igcinwa kuphi ngempela?

Ukuthola ifayela olifakile yingxenye elula futhi ngokuvamile isiqalo esingalungile. Okubalulekile ukuthi iyiphi ifayela i-NetworkManager eyifunda namuhla njengoxhumano olugciniwe, futhi lokho kuncike kusibonisi soxhumano kanye ne-backend yokucushwa amaphakethe afakiwe ewasebenzisa ngempela. Ukuhlela okufakiwe ngaphambi kokuphendula lowo mbuzo yindlela i-VPN esebenzayo eba ukucushwa okubili okulungile ngesigamu.

Ifayela elifakiwe akulona iphrofayili egciniwe

Amagama amathathu azulazula azungeze inkinga ngayinye ye-VPN: igama loxhumano, igama lefayela olifakile, kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo esivela lapho umhubhe ukhuphuka. Akukho kukho okukhomba ukucushwa okugciniwe, futhi igama loxhumano lingahlelwa kuyilapho ifayela elingemuva ligcina isibonisi salo sokuqala.

Qala ngohlu lokufunda kuphela bese ukhetha i-VPN ehlosiwe ngesibonisi esikhundleni selebula:

nmcli -f NAME,UUID,TYPE connection show

Gcina amagama wabasingathi bezindawo zokugcina kanye namalebula obunikazi ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlu olunamathisela kuthikithi. Ingxenye ewusizo uhlobo nesibonisi; okusele kungumongo ongadingeki kumuntu ongaziwa. Fihla okusele ngaphambi kokwabelana futhi usho ukuthi ukwenzile lokho, ukuze kimbe kungabuzi ukuthi izikhala zisho ukuthini.

Izindawo ze-keyfile azisho into efanayo

Nge-plugin ye-keyfile yemvelo, amafayela oxhumano angavela kumafolda amathathu, futhi umehluko phakathi kwawo ukuqina, hhayi ukunethezeka.

Ukuhlela ikhophi yesikhathi sokusebenza kubonakala kuphumelela kuze kube ukuqalisa okulandelayo, lapho ushintsho lunyamalala futhi ifayela libonakala libuyiselwe ngendlela engaqondakali. Ukuhlela ikhophi enikezwa iphakethe kusebenza kuze kube ukuthuthukiswa kuyishintsha, okuyinguqulo ehamba kancane futhi edida kakhulu yesifundo esifanayo.

Imibhalo ye-keyfile yengeza imininingwane efanele ukuhlonishwa: lawo mafayela angaba nokhiye abayimfihlo nemisho yephasiwedi, futhi i-NetworkManager iziba noma iyiphi i-keyfile abasebenzisi abangewona u-root abangayifunda noma abangayibhala. Ukwandisa izimvume zefolda ukuze uthole isilungiselelo kwephula ukuziphatha kokulayisha obukade uzama ukukuhlola.

Lapho i-Netplan iphethe ukuqina

Ku-Ubuntu, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-NetworkManager okuchazwe embhalweni we-Netplan, okutholakala kusukela ku-23.10, kushintsha lapho ikhophi eqinile ihlala khona. Koxhumano olungekhona olwesikhashana ibhala /etc/netplan/90-NM-<connection UUID>.yaml futhi ikhiqiza iphrofayili ye-NetworkManager yesikhashana ngaphansi kwe /run/NetworkManager/system-connections/.

Lokho ukuhlanganiswa kwesatshalaliswa, akusona isimiso sakho konke ukufakwa kwe-NetworkManager. Qinisekisa ukuthi amaphakethe afakiwe ayisebenzisa ngempela ngaphambi kokuba uhambe uyofuna ifayela le-YAML. Khumbula futhi ukuthi iphrofayili yesikhathi sokusebenza ingaba ukumelwa okukhiqiziwe kokunye esikhundleni somthombo okufanele uhlelwe. Imiyalo emibili yokuhlola gcina ihora ekuhleleni ifayela elingalungile.

Isibonelo esibhaliwe sigcina uxhumano lwe-OpenVPN ngohlobo lwe-Netplan nm-devices nemininingwane yokudlulisa ye-NetworkManager. Iqiniso lokuthi i-Netplan ayinakho ukuchazwa okuqondile kwenkambu ethile ye-VPN akusho ukuthi i-VPN yakho egciniwe ilahlekile; kusho ukuthi inkambu ihamba njengedatha engacacile.

Izixhumi zesikhashana akuzona iziphrofayili

Ukusebenza kudala ukuxhumana nezixhumi okubonakalayo kwesikhashana okwakungaklanyelwe ukuhlala. Ukuhlanganiswa ngenhloso akubhali ifayela elisha le-YAML kwelinye lakho, ngakho ukungabibikho kwazo ku- /etc/netplan akusho lutho mayelana nokuthi iphrofayili yomzali igciniwe yini.

Uma ulandela ifayela elivelayo futhi elinyamalalayo, cishe ubheka enye yalezi hhayi ukucushwa kwakho. Hlola ukuthi liyasinda yini ekuqaliseni kabusha ngaphambi kokuthatha noma isiphi isiphetho kokuqukethwe kwayo. Ifayela lesikhathi sokusebenza elinyamalalayo ekuqaliseni kabusha likutshela ukuthi lalingakaze libe umthombo, futhi lokho kubona okukodwa kushintsha indlela yuphela uphenyo. Futhi kuchaza ukuthi kungani ukuhlela kwabonakala kuphumelela ngaleso sikhathi.

Izimfihlo nokuba ngumnikazi

Iphrofayili ingakhomba isitifiketi noma ukhiye ogcinwe kwenye indawo ngokuphelele, futhi iphasiwedi ingaba nge-NetworkManager, inikezwe i-ejenti eyimfihlo yeseshini yomsebenzisi, noma ingagcinwa ngamabomu. Ngakho ukuthola ifayela elilodwa kunciphisa kancane mayelana nalokho ukuqalisa okungagadiwe okuzokudinga.

Hlola izikhombo namafulegi emfihlo ngaphandle kokuphrinta amanani ayimfihlo. Ukungena ku-desktop kungenza i-ejenti itholakale eyayingekho ngesikhathi sokuqalisa, futhi ukukopisha ifayela lesikhathi sokusebenza elikhiqiziwe akuliphindiseleli lelo ejenti. Uphawu olusebenzayo umhubhe oxhumayo lapho umuntu engena futhi ohlulekayo lapho umshini uqala wodwa. Lelo phethini likhomba ekubeni ngumnikazi wezimfihlo, hhayi ekuqondiseni.

Yenza izinguquko ezigunyaziwe ngomphathi ophethe uxhumano, bese uqinisekisa kokubili isibonisi esigciniwe noxhumano olusebenzayo. Gcina umnikazi oyedwa oqinile, ngoba ukuhlela okufakiwe, i-keyfile ekhiqiziwe nomthombo we-YAML ngokwehlukana kushiya izincazelo ezintathu ezincintisanayo mayelana nalokho ukuxhumana kabusha okulandelayo okuzosebenzisa. Khetha lokho okuhlala ngempela, hlela kuphela lokho, futhi bhala kuthikithi ukuthi yiliphi ifayela olithathe njengeligunyaziwe. Umuntu olandelayo uzobonga kuwe ngomugqa owodwa wemvelaphi.